Biological effects of Non ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing radiation can define lower-range frequency
waves in the electromagnetic range, and travel in space with the power of
oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The difference between ionizing and
non-ionization is, non-ionizing radiation energy is too low to process the
ionizing process which expels electrons from the coulomb attraction of the
nucleus. But it can transfer an electron from a low-energy state to a
high-energy state. This excitation process can be induced risk to health by
non-ionizing radiation.
According to the energy of photons, different types of
non-ionizing radiation energy decrease from ultraviolet radiation to radio
waves.
Ultraviolet radiation (UV)
has a shorter wavelength than light and longer than X-rays. When certain cells
are exposed to UV radiation the damage is induced by both photochemical and
heating reactions. Photochemical effects are when radiation hit the molecule
and its energy initiates the excitation of electrons in the molecules and
causes them to change the molecular structure and produce different products.
Photosynthesis also has this mechanism but is not identical. Molecules or
regions of molecules that absorb UV radiation are called chromophores. Excited
chromophores can transfer their energy or donate an electron to O2 and
form Oxygen Relative Species (ROS) which bind other chemical Infrastructures
and change their usual formation. ROS species are superoxide anion radical (O2-)
or singlet oxygen (1O2) through transfer energy
Superoxide dismutase which is present in the extracellular matrix converts O2-
into H2O2.In presence of Fe (II), it undergoes a
Fenton reaction and
produces OH- which causes damage to both DNA and Proteins. And also,
UV radiation specially induced DNA damage by the formation of electronically
excited states in pyrimidine bases. Pyrimidine bases include cytosine, thymine,
and uracil. Excitations from UV radiation cause rearrange of the double bonds
between C5 and C6 in adjacent pyrimidines called cyclobutene pyrimidine dimers
(CPDs). CPDs are major DNA damage induced by sunlight.
Visible
light also causes excitation. For example, blue light has high energy, and
prolonged exposure to blue light emitted from computers, televisions, and other
electronic devices causes loss of central vision by damaging cone cells in the
eyes. LASER also produces optical amplification based on the stimulated emission
of electromagnetic radiation which relatively have high energy than normal
optical radiation. LASER also causes skin burns and hazards for cataracts.
Infrared
radiation (IR) has a lengthier wavelength than UV but is small than
radiofrequency.IR can excite molecules that vibrate to gain energy to their
molecular stage which produces heat. The primary source of infrared radiation
is heat or thermal reaction and temperature radiates in the infrared.IR causes
skin response such as pain and prolonged exposure cause for damage cornea and
retina through burns. But IR also uses for therapeutic effects which use IR
produce heat in a biological system to accelerate chemical reactions by
increasing heat and its relief to treatment of autoimmune diseases, wound and ulcer
healing, improving hair growth, pain relief, and improving skin appearance. In
sports medicine use IR therapy to treat muscle injuries. Infrared astronomy
uses to identify water from distant planets which orbit around stars. When
emitting light from stars absorb by water in the planet and changes its
frequency and this is observed by infrared telescopes such as Hubble and
Spitzer telescopes to identify atmospheric characteristics of that planet or
other planets in the planetary system.
Microwave
radiation is widely used for telecommunication (Low frequency) and heating or
defrosting food (High frequency). Microwaves produce by mobile phones and their
base stations, Bluetooth devices, wireless local area networks, and many other
communication applications the body's high exposure to Microwaves will damage
the tissues through their thermal activity. it can vibrate by interacting with
the dipole of water molecules which incident happen in microwave oven this
especially vulnerable activity to the central nervous system can cause sleep
deprivation, memory impairment, and the leading chance of developing brain
tumor in which organs contain more water. depth of travel of a microwave
depends on its frequency. These effects are not instantly apparent as lower
frequencies can penetrate more through the tissues. Prolonged microwave
radiation also causes effects on reproductive organs such as severe damage to
testicles in the male by disrupting seminiferous tubules and reducing the
Leydig cell population which causes reduced testosterone concentration. But
microwaves also use for medical purposes by using their heating activity in
localized regions providing precise tissue destruction in medical purposes.
Tissue loss occurs when tissues from a selected electromagnetic field usually
at 900-2500MHz.
Extremely
low-frequency radiation mainly uses for telecommunication industries but
prolonged exposure may induce epidemiological effects, cancer, depression and
increase free radical concentration and recombination of free radical couples
and resulting in oxidative stress. Extremely low-frequency radiation uses in
diagnostic aquation modalities such as MRI, and microwave imaging.
In
conclusion, reducing exposure to ionizing radiation and also non -ionizing
radiation is also significant because both radiation cause changes in molecular
structures in ionizing or excitation. Monitoring the dose will be reduced the
significant health risk and cancer probability.
Stay Tuned !
Linkedin: Sachindra Lochana
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